Authors:MDEdge News Author: Marcia Frellick; CME Author: Charles P. Vega, MDFaculty and Disclosures
Clinical Context
Nicotine is an interesting and powerful drug, and the authors of the current study provide a review of the physiological effects of nicotine, particularly in the context of e-cigarette use. Nicotine binds to acetylcholine receptors in the brain and upregulates these receptors over time. Nicotine promotes the release of dopamine, which can affect the mind’s response to stress. Adolescents have a particularly profound response to nicotine because of their brain plasticity.
E-cigarettes have evolved into powerful nicotine delivery devices, but this was not always the case. Early e-cigarettes delivered freebase nicotine, which was hard to inhale. However, e-cigarette manufacturers began adding benzoic acid to nicotine, lowering its pH and resulting in higher levels of nicotine absorbed per puff. The US Food and Drug Administration partially banned cartridge-based flavored products using this protonated form of nicotine in 2020; since then, disposable e-cigarettes featuring protonated nicotine have dominated the market.
The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically drove down the use of e-cigarettes among adolescents. However, the current study finds some disturbing trends in how adolescents use e-cigarettes.
Study Synopsis and Perspective
Vaping has become the dominant form of tobacco use by adolescents in the United States immediately after waking up, according to an analysis of a survey on teenage tobacco use published in JAMA Network Open.
By 2019, Stanton Glantz, PhD, and associates found, “more e-cigarette users were using their first tobacco product within 5 minutes of waking than users of cigarettes and all other tobacco products combined.” Use on waking is an indicator of addiction.
That number changed drastically from 2014, when less than 1% of sole e-cigarette users were using e-cigarettes first thing in the morning, to 10.3% by 2021. The numbers did not change for sole cigarette smokers or sole smokeless tobacco users, but did increase by half (odds ratio per year, 1.49) for sole cigar users.
In addition, among adolescents who currently use any tobacco product, the proportion whose first tobacco product was e-cigarettes increased from 27.2% in 2014 to 78.3% in 2019 and remained close to that, at 77.0%, in 2021.
Meanwhile, the number of young people using e-cigarettes peaked in 2019 and has been declining.
By 2019 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that 5.3 million middle and high school students were using e-cigarettes. That number dropped to 3.6 million in 2020 and to 2.1 million in 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Researchers Suspect More Addictive Nicotine
This increasing intensity of use may reflect the higher nicotine delivery and addiction liability of modern e-cigarettes that use protonated nicotine, which makes nicotine easier to inhale than older versions of e-cigarettes, which used freebase nicotine, Dr Glantz and associates write.
The change in nicotine came in 2015 with the introduction of products that added benzoic acid to the nicotine e-liquid to lower the pH level and form protonated nicotine.
The researchers advise: “Clinicians should question all their patients about nicotine and tobacco product use, including e-cigarettes and other new nicotine products.”
Raghu Appasani, MD, a psychiatrist who specializes in adolescent addiction and a clinical fellow at University of California, San Francisco, said in an interview that users often misunderstand the potential health effects of e-cigarettes and mistakenly think of them as a safe alternative to cigarettes.
All medical providers have a responsibility to ask patients about nicotine and tobacco products, Dr Appasani said.
‘Be Curious, Not Judgmental’
Dr Appasani advised: “Be curious with your approach. This may uncover that maybe they use [e-cigarettes] to fit into a social scene or have stressors at home or in school. Most likely there is an underlying issue that has led to their use. Perhaps there is untreated anxiety and/or depression. Be curious, not judgmental.”
It is also important to ask about social and psychological factors that may be contributing to use and help the user think through how the use is affecting life in their home, school, and social settings, Dr Appasani said.
He said that he was not surprised by the findings, as e-cigarettes allow easy access to smoking and it is easier to hide the habit. The flavoring often gets kids hooked originally.
The authors write: “These findings suggest that clinicians need to be ready to address youth addiction to these new highly addictive nicotine products during many clinical encounters, and stronger regulation is needed, including comprehensive bans on the sale of flavored tobacco products.”
Just more than half of the survey respondents (51.1%) were male, and average age was 14 years. The researchers analyzed data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey, a nationally representative survey of middle and high school students.
The researchers used the Youth Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System from 2015 to 2019 as a confirmatory analysis.
This study was supported in part by grants from the National Cancer Institute. Dr Glantz received personal fees from the World Health Organization outside the submitted work. One coauthor reported serving as a paid expert witness against the tobacco industry outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported. Dr Appasani has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(11):e2240671.[1]
Study Highlights
- Primary study data were drawn from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Youth Tobacco Survey, with attention to results from the 2014 to 2021 annual surveys.
- The survey inquired regarding any use of a variety of tobacco and nicotine products during the past month, as well as specific use behaviors.
- Researchers of the current study focused on users of tobacco or nicotine products. Major outcomes included age at first use of tobacco/nicotine products and the frequency of product use. The habit of tobacco/nicotine use within 5 minutes of waking up was used as a marker of addiction.
- Researchers validated results from the National Youth Tobacco Survey with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System.
- Data were available for 151,573 adolescents, with a mean age of 14.57 years; 51.1% of participants were male.
- The proportion of adolescents whose first exposure to tobacco/nicotine increased from 27.2% in 2014 to 78.3% in 2019. It remained stable from there.
- The age at first use of e-cigarettes decreased by 0.159 years per calendar year. However, the age at first use of cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, and cigars remained steady during the study period.
- The average number of days per month of e-cigarette use increased from 3 to 5 in 2014 to 2018 to 10 to 19 in 2021. The intensity of other tobacco product use was static during the study period.
- Examining only e-cigarette users, less than 1% reported using e-cigarettes within 5 minutes of waking up on the surveys between 2014 and 2017. This value had increased to 10.3% by 2021. This value remained stable among cigarette and smokeless tobacco users during the study period.
- Data from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System corroborated the study’s main findings.
Clinical Implications
- Nicotine binds to acetylcholine receptors in the brain and upregulates these receptors over time. Nicotine promotes the release of dopamine, which can affect the mind’s response to stress. Adolescents have a particularly profound response to nicotine because of their brain plasticity. The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically drove down the use of e-cigarettes among adolescents.
- The current study of US adolescents describes trends of younger age at the first use of e-cigarettes, increasing frequency of e-cigarette use among product users, and increased use of e-cigarettes on waking (up to 10%). These trends were not noted in cigarette users.
- Implications for the healthcare team: There are disturbing trends for e-cigarette use among US youth. The healthcare team should screen preadolescents and adolescents for use of these products and discourage their use.
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